晚清山东的民间赈灾活动

The Nongovernmental Famine Relief in Late Qing Shandong Province

晚清山东水、旱、疫等自然灾害异常严重,乐善好施的山东绅民承续传统赈灾活动,散放钱粮、治河筑堤、无偿施医、设厂施粥,并通过族田收入积极开展互助自救;与此同时,西方传教士、江南绅商、洋务企业家等新力量踊跃加盟晚清山东赈灾,民间赈灾力量空前壮大和多元,新型义赈兴起,呈现鲜明的现代化趋向。在晚清山东赈灾活动中,民间力量积极回应国家诉求,踊跃施赈,民间与国家的关系不是冲突与对立,而是一种良性互动与合作。民间赈灾活动在晚清山东赈灾中具有重要担当,发挥了举足轻重的作用,成为官赈的必要补充。晚清山东民间赈灾活动兴起是一种新动向,是历史的进步。

Famines were extremely serious in Late Qing Dynasty. The gentlemen and rich villager contribute grain and money, harness rivers, cure the sickness freely, distribute porridge. The clan fields also played important role in famine rehef. Foreign missionary, gentlemen and businessmen, leaders of management of foreign affairs also played actively in it. The justice relief played important role. Nongovernmental strength was diversify and stronger than ever and there was obvious morden tendency in the nongovernmental famine relief in the Late Qing Dynasty. Nongovernmental strength and the government standed together closely in the famine relief. Nongovernmental strength played great role in relieving the refugee and which was a new tendency and progress in the history of famine relief.