贸易政策的国内政治分析--以1879年德国贸易政策转变为例

Domestic Politics of Trade Policy:A Case Study of the German Trade Policy in 1879

贸易政策的调整是重要的国际政治经济现象。学术界关于贸易政策的形成主要有以体系、制度(国家)、社会为中心的三种研究路径。这三种路径各有其解释力度和不足。社会行为体和政治行为体的政策偏好并不能自动生成贸易政策,分析贸易政策必须从国内政治层面考察国内结构(包括主流意识形态)、社会行为体、政治行为体、主要领导人及官僚机构的政治运作。例如,1879年德国贸易保护政策是在国内利益集团及与之相联系的政党要求下、在以俾斯麦为宰相的官僚机构的政治运作和经济民族主义的影响下得以形成的。

The trade policy adjustment is an important international political economic issue,reflecting the process and result that international systematic pressures(both political and economic) filtered through domestic political,economic and social structures. There are three approaches to study trade policy formation:the system-centric,the institution-centric,and the society-centric,and each has its own strength and weakness. The policy preferences of both social and political actors will not automatically become trade policy. Trade policy should be analyzed from domestic politics by observing domestic structure(including mainstream ideology) ,social actors,political actors,high leaders,and the political operations of the bureaucracy. The case study shows that the German trade policy adjustment in 1879 was collective result of economic nationalism,interest groups and the related political parties,and the political practices of the Prime Minister Bismarck and his bureaucracy.