共通性社会资本与特定性社会资本——社会资本与中国的城市基层治理

Generalized Social Capital versus Particularized Social Capital:Social capital and local governance in urban China

社会资本理论家们对于不同形态的社会资本在不同的政治经济体制中对经济发展和政府治理表现所产生的影响,还没有能够达成共识。为弥补既有文献的理论缺陷,本文以2007年对我国三个主要城市(北京、成都、西安)的144个社区的随机抽样调查为基础,对两种形态的社会资本——共通性社会资本和特定性社会资本——在我国城市地区的分布进行了描述,并进而比较这两种形态的社会资本对我国当前进行的城市社区建设和治理所发挥的作用。研究发现:共通性社会资本的两个维度——包容性的社会信任与开放型的社会网络——对社区居民委员会的治理产生了显著的积极作用;而特定性社会资本的两个维度——局限性的人际信任与封闭性的社会网络——对社区居民委员会的治理产生了显著的负面作用。这样的发现具有重要的理论和政策意义。

Scholars are still debating on the types of social capital and their roles in shaping economic development and government performance in different economic and political systems. This paper examines the impacts of two types of social capital — generalized and particularized — on the performance of grassroots self-government institutions in urban China,based on an original survey of 144 urban neighborhood communities in China's three major cities. The findings indicate that the generalized social capital embodied in the indiscriminative trust and inclusive social networks positively affected the performance of the self-government institutions,while the particularized social capital as manifested in discriminative trust and exclusive social networks has negative impacts.