先秦田庐(舍)辨析

Clarification of the Meaning of Field Hut in Pre-Qin Period

汉唐以来,各家受《汉书.食货志》的影响,从先秦文献中推演出井田制度下农夫的居住形式,即自春至秋居于田间庐舍,入冬回到聚居的廛里。宋代《陈农书》的"居处之宜"将这种先秦农人的生活方式做了进一步的系统发挥。通过对这种说解形成过程的梳理,及对秦简文字的分析,发现,先秦农人是住在里之中的,他们并没有两处住宅。田间即使会有一些简易的茅舍,通常也是不居人的,偶有住人的时候也都属非正常状况,并有诸多的限制,这样的茅舍就是《汉书.食货志》所谓先秦田庐的蓝本。

Since Han and Tang Dynasty, scholars, who have been influenced by the article Shi Huo zhi in the Han Records, have tried to recover from the Pre--Qin documents the dwelling form of the farmers under the ＂nine square＂ system. That is, they stay in the field huts from spring to autumn and then move to their community region when winter comes. The work Farming by CHEN Fu in Song Dynasty further elaborates this life style in a systematic way. The present author makes a survey of those explanations and analyzes the texts in the Qin bamboo slips. He finds that the farmers before Qin live in their community, rather than stay in two separate places. Even if they do have huts on the farms, the latter are not used for dwelling. It is unusual for one to stay there for night; and even so, it has many constraints. Such should be the true meaning of field huts in the Pre-- Qin Period that is recorded in Shi Huo zhi of the Han Records.