上海地区甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品质育种的探讨

STUDY ON RAPESEED QUALITY BREEDING OF Brassica napus L.IN SHANGHAI SUBURBS

采用品种间杂交、回交和复交方法，经过田间农艺性状的选择和实验室品质分析，有效地协调了油菜品质育种过程中高产和优质、抗病性和优质的矛盾，育成高产、熟期适宜和较抗（耐）油菜菌核病和芜菁花叶病毒（TuMV）病的低芥酸油菜新品种“沪秀青”和低芥酸、低硫代葡萄糖甙油菜新品种“沪油12”，该二品种菜籽油中的芥酸含量分别为0．20％和0．21％；有益于人体健康的亚油酸含量分别为25．96％和24．42％；油酸含量分别为56．96％和58．99％。其菜籽油的营养价值较常规品种高。“沪油12”菜籽饼粕中硫代葡萄糖甙含量为25．98μmol／g，能直接作蛋白饲料喂养畜禽。对上海郊区和临近地区目前生产上推广的油菜品种的产量构成因素的通径系数分析表明，该地区今后在确定油菜品质育种目标之过程中，应适当增加一次分枝角果数，保持现有新品种主花序角果数，从严控制二次分枝角果数，适当减少每角果籽粒数，增加千粒重，对提高单、双低油菜新品种的产量能力将有显著效果。

A new low erucic acid rapeseed cultivar'Huxiuqing'(Brassica napus L. )and a new low erucic acid and low glucosinolate rapessed cultivar'Huyou 12'(B. napus)both having characters of high yield,medium maturity and better resistance to sclerotiniose and virus (TuMV) diseases have been bred by interbreeding,backcross and composite-cross methods and through field selection for good agronomic characters and laboratory analysis for both oil and meal quality. The erucic acid content of both'Huxiuqing'and 'Huyou 12'is 0. 20% and 0. 21%, respectively. The contents of linoleic acid and oleic acid of the cultivars,which are very important for human health,are 25. 96 %, 56. 96 % and 24. 42%, 58. 99%,respectively.The glucosinolate content of 'Huyou 12'in cake meal is 25. 98%. The cake meal can be used directly as a good protein to feed livestock and poultry. The yield components of the varieties which are popularized in Shanghai suburbs and adjoining areas at present have been also studied through analysing path coefficients. The results show that the yield of single low and double low varieties will be significantly increased if the siliqua number of main raceme is kept up at the present level,the siliqua number of primary branches is slightly increased,the seed number per siliqua is appropriately decreased,the 1000--seed weight is increased and the siliqua number of secondary branches is severely controlled.