山区公路边铅污染对居民健康影响的研究

Effect of Lead Pollution on Health of Residents Living on Highway-sides in Mountain Areas

目的探讨山区公路边居民铅蓄积状况与相关因素,以保护居民身体健康。方法于2007年10月—2008年2月分层随机抽取山区公路边青壮年居民89名(接触组)和远离公路的同年龄段居民69名(对照组)作为研究对象。按拟定的调查表调查居民的基本情况与相关指标;采集居民血、尿样品,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅、尿铅,比较两组居民血铅、尿铅水平;测量居民体温、脉率和血压,分析铅污染对居民健康的影响;并对影响居民血铅水平的相关因素进行单因素分析、等级相关分析和多元回归分析。结果接触组血铅[(94.19±26.51)μg/L]、尿铅水平[(15.36±7.67)μg/L]显著高于对照组[(62.83±13.33),(7.24±4.62)μg/L;t=8.9810、7.7662,均P<0.01];血铅与尿铅水平相关系数为0.902(P<0.01)。居民记忆力减退、易疲劳、卧位正常血压高值的发生率(或检出率)接触组明显高于对照组,坐位理想血压、坐位正常血压和卧位理想血压的检出率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。文化程度、住宅与公路距离、住宅已建年限和接触组居民血铅增高密切相关(P<0.05或0.01)。结论山区公路两侧350m范围内的居民受到不同程度的铅污染,文化程度、住宅与公路距离和住宅已建年限是血铅增高的主要危险因素;铅污染对居民神经系统功能的完整性和血压产生影响,禁用含铅汽油、环境干预、营养干预和开展健康教育是防治铅污染的有效途径。

Objective To investigate the body burden of lead and the related health effects in the residents living on the highway-sides of the mountain areas in Fujian province, China. Methods Eighty-nine subjects living nearby the highway-sides （exposed group） and 69 subjects far away from the highway （control group） were recruited by stratified random sampling method. Their basic situation and relevant index were investigated with questionnaire; The lead levels of blood and urine were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method and compared; The temperature, pulse rate and blood pressure were taken to analyze the related health effects; and the influence factors of blood lead levels were analyzed by single factor analysis method, rank correlation analysis method and multiple regression analysis method. Results The blood and urine lead level of exposure group [（94.19± 26.51 ） , （15.36±7.67） ug/L ]were significantly higher than that of the control group[（62.83±13.33）, （7.24± 4.62） ug/L;t=8.981 0,7.766 2,P〈0.01 ）; Blood and urine lead level correlation coefficient was 0.902, P〈0.01. The prevalence rate of memory decreasing, easy weary and the normal blood pressure high value in the exposure group was higher compared with the control group, the detection rate of seat ideal blood pressure, the seat normal blood pressure and the horizontal ideal blood pressure in the exposure group was obviously lower than those in the control group （P〈0.05 or 0.01 ）. High blood lead in the exposure group was closely related to education, distance from house to highway and years of house built （P〈0.05 or 0.01）.Conclusion Residents living within 350 meters far away from highway-sides in mountain areas were exposed to lead of various levels, education, distance from house to a highway and years of house built are the main risk factors for high blood lead.