马克思理论的科学性:基于科学实践哲学的解读

蔡仲认为,20世纪的科学哲学坚持表象主义的科学观,纠缠于知识和世界或表象之间的关系,陷入某种"认识论"的恐惧。20世纪90年代之后兴起的科学实践哲学转向科学实践的实际过程,转向实验室及其赖以生存的社会与文化语境,带来了新的科学图景乃至划界标准,为我们重新理解马克思理论的科学性提出了新的任务。邢冬梅认为,作为实践和文化的科学强调科学的实际操作过程,而不是科学的表征性语言。对科学操作过程的把握,就是对科学实践过程中人类的力量和各种非人类的力量的相互作用和实际行为的描述,亦即对科学活动在具体的现时秩序中的情境的描述。知识应该被理解为对世界正在进行的参与的一个方面,而不是一个在原则上可以完成的任务。戴建平认为,劳斯的科学实践概念强调了科学理论、行动者和世界之间持续不断的相互作用以及对世界的构造,突出了科学实践的物质性和开放性。在此基础上,他提出了"科学的文化研究"方案,试图综合近20年来科学论领域内所有研究科学实践的不同进路。劳斯所强调的科学哲学的批判性具有重要的意义。

In Cai Zhong＇s opinion, philosophy of science in the 20th century, representationalistic in outlook, is tangled in the relationship between knowledge and the world and trapped in an epistemologcial dilemma. After the 1990s, philosophy of science shifts its focus to scientific research, including laboratory and relevant socio-cultural contexts. This practical turn changes views on science and criteria of demarcation, and the scientificity of Marxism needs to be further proved. According to Xing Dongmei, science, as practice and culture, puts emphasis on concrete operations instead of representational language. To Grasp operations of science, it is essential to describe concrete contexts of scientific actions, in which human and nonhuman factors interact. Knowledge is a participant in the world, rather than a task to be finished. In Dai Jianping＇s viewpoints, Joseph Rouse＇s concept of scientific practice emphasizes not only the interactions between scientific theory, practitioners and the world, but also the ongoing construction of the world. Rouse insists that scientific practices be simultaneously material and discursive. Dai Jianping believes that Rouse＇s cultural studies of science try to synthetize all approaches concerning the philosophy of science in the past 20 years and his Critical spirit is of great importance to future development.