秦汉时期的“赐民爵”及“小爵”

"Ci min jue"and"Xiao jue"in the Qin and Han Dynasties

西■定生关于汉代"赐爵对象是编户良民"并且包括"小男"的疑识,长期不被国内学术界重视,但被如今出土的张家山汉简、里耶秦简、走马楼吴简所证实。由于历史条件的限制,其研究又存在四方面的局限和缺失:一是未明小男爵位与成人爵位之间的不同;二是未明除国家赐爵外,小男获爵的其他途径;三是忽视了妇女与爵位之间的应有关系;四是把"赐民爵"释为"民爵赐与",把"民爵"作为古人固有的一体名词,不符合历史实际。小男即"未傅籍成人者",其占有的爵位是"小爵",获得的途径有三:一是因功劳受爵,二是世袭继承和移授获爵,三是国家普遍赐爵。小爵与拥有者是否傅籍成年有关,而傅籍成年不仅与年龄,还与身高发育有关。

Sadao Nishijima doubted whether the object of conferred on a title of nobility were innocent Bianhu and Xiao nan were included in. This view wasn＇t valued by domestic academic for a long time. But it was confirmed by the Han bamboo slips of Zhangjiashan, the Qin bamboo slips of Liye and the bamboo slips of Zoumalou in Wu Period. However, restricted by historical conditions, there were also four aspects of limitations and shortcomings in his research. Firstly, he didn＇t point out the differences between Xiao nan＇s title of nobility and the adult＇s;secondly, besides conferred on a title of nobility by the country,Xiao nan could get the title of nobility from other ways; thirdly, he had ignored the relations between women and the title of nobility; fourthly, he interpreted ＂Ci min jue＂ as ＂min jue ci yu＂, and thought ＂min jue＂ as an inherent union word, but it was inconsistent with the historical facts. Xiao nan was the one who hadn＇t registered the household by the country and their title of nobility was Xiao jue. Xiao nan could get title of nobility from three ways . One was conferred on a title of nobility for merit, one was inheriting a title of nobility or diverting a title of nobility, and the third one was widely conferred on a title of nobility by the country. Xiao jue was relevant with the household registration and the household registration was relevant with ages, but also the stature and growth.