客家传统聚落景观基因识别及其地学视角的解析

STUDY ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF HAKKA TRADITIONAL VILLAGE' S LANDSCAPE GENES AND ANALYSIS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF GEOGRAPHY

根据景观基因理念,借助聚落形态学的方法,遵循地学中的内在唯一性、外在唯一性、局部唯一性和总体优势性等原则,可以从民居特征、布局形态、主体性公共建筑、参照性环境因子、客家装饰、建筑脸面、建筑色彩、墙头造型等方面识别出客家传统聚落的景观基因特征,这与客家传统聚落的自然环境、客家精神、传统观念、历史文化交融、社会氛围等地学因子密切相关。

As a paragon of traditional Chinese villages, traditional Hakka village, with Peking Chinese courtyard house, Shaanxi cave dwelling, Guangxi ＂stilted houses＂ and Yunnan ＂Seal houses＂, are called ＂the five most characteristic traditional Chinese architectures＂. Recently, some scholars have studied on these issues from different perspectives and have yielded substantial results. Based on these research findings, this article interprets traditional Hakka village＇s landscape in the perspective of landscape-gene hoping to offer a ＂biogeography＂ perspective in the study of traditional villages and to promote sustainable development of traditional Chinese villages. Based on the concept of landscape-genes, according to the principles in geography, such as inherent-uniqueness, external-uniqueness, local-uniqueness, the overall advantages and etc, we can identify the landscape-genetic characteristics of traditional Hakka villages from residential characteristics, layout patterns, main public building, environmental factors, Hakka decoration, building face, building colors and wall shapes. The landscape-genetic characteristics of traditional Hakka village this article abstracted conclude 8 aspects. First, the dwellings, without carved beams and painted rafters, are built based on the notions of saving and seeking truth from facts. Second, with changes from quadrate to circular, layout patterns of traditional Hakka villages now are mainly quadrate. Third, the great hall and stone flagpole are typical examples of major public buildings. Fourth, referential environmental factors find expression in water surrounding mountain. Fifth, Hakka decoration craftsmanship is highly skilled. Sixth, building colors are in harmony with the environment. Seventh, wall shapes have great Hakka characteristics. Eighth, building face is practical. This is closely related to the traditional Hakka village＇s natural environment, Hakka spirit, traditional concept, the history of cultures, social atmosphere and so on.