论《列女传·母仪传》早期教育故事

On Early Education Stories of "The Collected Biographies for Women"

成书于汉代的《列女传》是中国最早的妇女史专著。敦煌汉简可见"分列女传书"简文,如果释文不误,可以说明这部著作传播的广泛。《列女传》中《母仪传》中编辑的一组"教训""子孙"的故事,体现出重要的历史文化意义。"邹孟轲母"教子事迹,是《列女传.母仪传》中最具亮点的故事。其中也有涉及孟轲"既妻"即"处齐"时事,而我们更为关注的,是有关"孟子之少也"时的教育方式。早期教育主题由礼仪向道德的转变,反映了《列女传》成书前后鲜明的时代文化特征。考察汉代教育史,确实可以看到相应的例证。而东汉以后家庭中母亲主持的早期教育偏重文化偏重理论的倾向的出现,也是值得我们特别注意的。《列女传.母仪传》早期教育故事给我们认识汉代妇女的地位和儿童的生活提供了有意义的信息。讨论教育史、家庭教育史、妇女史和未成年人生活史,不应忽略《列女传.母仪传》中举示的以女子为主体的家庭早期教育典范。

＂The Collected Biographies for Women＂ written in the Han Dynasty was the earliest monograph of the women history in China. It could show the broad dissemination of this work that the Chinese characters of ＂Fascicule of the Collected Biographies of Wowen＂ was discovered in the Dunhuang wooden slips. The collection of stories on educating children in the biography of Muyi of the Collected Biographies for Women represents the important historical and cultural significance. Between them, the deed that Mencius＇s mother educated her son was the most highlighted story involved Mencius＇s stories of ＂jiqi＂ （既妻） and ＂chuqi＂ （ 处齐）, and yet we should pay more attention on the educational mode when Mencius was young. The change of the early education theme from ritual to morality reflected the sharp-cut cultural characteristics when the Collected Biographies for Women was finished. Inspecting education history of the Han Dynasty, we could indeed find the corresponding illustrations. Meanwhile, the appearance of another trend is also deserved us special attention that the early education hosted by mother in the family laid particular stress on spiritual character since the Eastern Han Dynasty. The early education stories from the biography of Muyi of the Collected Biographies for Women provide the meaningful information to recognize the status of women and the life of children.