生态系统方法及其在生态环境管理中的应用

The Ecosystem Approach and Its Application in Eco-environment System Management

生态系统方法是自然保护与生态环境管理中的新思想,并被《生物多样性公约》各缔约国所广泛接受。生态系统方法的研究目前处于初期阶段,尚无一致的定义。在对生态系统的系统性和非线性特征分析的基础上,本文简述了生态系统方法在生态环境管理和调控中的必然性。通过两种典型概念的阐释,对生态系统方法的内涵与原则进行了综述和分析。由于其综合性以及对社会和生态的协同考虑,生态系统方法得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在物种多样性保护、水生态及水资源、渔业和森林等领域。在生态系统方法的分析框架上,视研究对象和目的的不同而异,其中生态系统方法的"菱形示意图"更为综合和概况。在目前的生态系统方法研究和实践中,尚存在几个关键问题亟需解决,主要包括:系统的界定、不确定性、与其他方法的冲突和重合、不同结构的协作以及相关研究方法。

Ecosystem Approach is a new concept in the fields of natural conservation and ecosystem management, especially in Convention on Biological Diversity（CBD）. Since 2000, the Parties to CBD have decided that the ecosystem approach should be the primary focus for actions undertaken to meet the objectives of the convention. Based on the analysis of systematic and nonlinear characters of ecosystems, the importance of ecosystem approach is described in this paper. Due to the recent developments in the studies of ecosystem approach, until now, there is no unique definition. The meanings and principles are presented. Ecosystem approach is widely used in natural conservation and ecosystem management, especially in convention on biological diversity, aquatic ecosystem and water resource, fishery and forestry. The analyzing frameworks of ecosystem approach are presented, inclucling the ＂diamond diagram＂ and the steps used in fishery. There are some key issues and constraints in the studies and implanting of ecosystem approach, which covers the scoping of system, uncertainties, the conflicts with other methods, the cooperation between different agencies and studying methods etc.