损害赔偿范围确定中的法律政策

Legal Policy in the Determination of Damages

现实生活中的损害广泛和复杂,而民法只对有限范围内的损害提供救济。法律政策决定着民法损害赔偿范围的确定。在近代民法,通过过错责任、因果关系、非财产损害不赔偿原则、直接受害人理论以及违约责任中的可预见规则等法技术过滤工具,实现的是最大限度地保障经济自由、行为自由和最低限度地救济受害人的法律政策。随着民法向现代发展中法律政策强调有限制的经济自由、合同风险更加公平的分担以及对人具体关怀下受害人最大限度的救济,各国法通过扩展无过错责任、扩大非财产损害赔偿的范围和可请求赔偿主体以及发展法定的一般注意义务来予以回应。我国损害赔偿法应明确其法律政策,并以此为前提确定更加合理的损害赔偿范围。

Due to the coexistence of human beings and the universality of causal connections, damage is comprehensive and complex in real society. Nevertheless, only limited damage can be redressed in civil law after they are filtered by some legal skill tools. The scope of damages is detemined to a great extend by the legal policy. By the legal skill tools like fault, causation, the rule of no redress to non-property damage in general, the theory of direct victims, the theory of violation of absolute rights, the theory of privity of contract, and the foreseeability rule in contractual liability, etc. , a great deal of damage is excluded from the scope of damages. By such means, the legal policy in modern compensation law, which are to maintain maximum economic freedom, to maintain maximum general freedom, and to minimize redress to victims, is fulfilled. However, the modern law of damages focused too much on the freedom of act, thus resulted in a serious defect in the relief of victims. Following the failure of the optimistic rationalism, the emphasis of the relevance among human beings and the pursuit of the substantial justice other than abstract justice in the new legal thoughts, the legal policy determining the scope of damages turns to the emphasis of ＂limited economic freedom and more fair burden of contractual risk＂ and ＂maximum redress to victims under the theory to care for concrete persons＂. Adapting to the transition of legal policy, many countries~ legislations or judgments extend non-fault liability and the scope of damages to non-property damage as their positive responses. There are obvious deficiencies in the scope of damages in Chinese tort law and contract law, and the draft of the Tort Liability Law of PRC for Third Discussion has also little progress. To amend and perfect Chinese law of damages, the transition of legal policy in other countries and the corresponding developments in the scope of damages should be considered and used for reference. Only then can a more appropriate scope of damages be determined in the near future.