儒家民本思想的极限——黄宗羲政治思想研究

The Acme of Confucian Thought that the People Are Foundation of Country——A Study of Huang Zongxi’s Political Theory

黄宗羲对天下与君主做了区分,明确提出天下为主君为客,天下非一姓之私,相对于天下而言,君主不再是"公"的代表。在"天下为公"的思想境界下,黄宗羲对君主职责和为臣之道作了深刻的反省,君主和臣下都应该担负为万民兴公利除公害的责任,民众成为评价政治得失的标准。面对后世君主背离职责、反客为主的现实,黄宗羲认为君位是可革的,并且将批判对象由暴君独夫的个体上升到"后之为人君者"的群体。黄宗羲的政治主张实现了从"君主民本"到"君客天下主"的转变,达到了民本思想的极限。

Huang Zongxi differentiates the state and the monarchy, and definitely argues that that the state is the host and the emperor is the guest, that the state is not the private property of the emperor＇s and that the emperor is not the representative of the public. With the ideological view of ＂A public spirit will rule all under the sky＂, Huang Zongxi gives a profound reflection to the emperor＇s responsibility and the liegeman＇s principle. The emperor and ministers all should take up the responsibility for the country and the people＇s opinions should be the standards for political gains or losses. Huang Zongxi＇s political theory reached the high-point of the ancient thought that people are the foundation of the country.