认知情境中的“探索性实验”——一种具有历史感与时间性的动态科学观

Exploratory Experimentation in Epistemic Situations Revealing a Dynamic Scientific View of Historicity and Timeliness

20世纪80年代新实验主义的出现标志着英美科学哲学界开始关注实验研究,同期科学史家和社会学家对实验的研究突出了实验的局部性、文化性、物质性、社会性和修辞相关性等方面。但是实验与知识如何相关这一中心问题居然很少被分析,"探索性实验"试图将知识和认识论问题带回实验图景。与理论驱动的实验不同,"探索性实验"可以指导实验参量的系统改变、经验规则的明确与新类别和概念的形成。探索性实验处于特定的认知情境中,它不可能由特定情境或者普遍的认知规则单独决定。探索性实验的研究拓展了科学史与科学哲学研究的中间领域,显现出一种具有历史感与时间性的动态科学观。

In the 1980s,the new experimentalism's appearance indicates Anglo-American philosophy of science started to pay attention to the experiment study.At the same time,historians and sociologists of science began to focus on experiment,with all its local,cultural,material,rhetorical,and social aspects.It is significant that one central area has remained peculiarly unanalyzed,that is,how experiment and knowledge relate.Friedrich Steinle proposed 'exploratory experimentation' to attempt to bring questions of knowledge and epistemology back into the picture.In contrast with theory-driven experiments,exploratory experimentation may direct systematical variations of experimental parameters,formulations of empirical regularities and revision or formationcategories and concepts.Simultaneously exploratory experimentation is in specific epistemic situations,it is impossible that exploratory experimentation was only rarely determined by a general epistemic principle alone,but also by specific situation.Exploratory experimentation study has developed intermediate area between history and philosophy of science and revealed a scientific view of historicity and timeliness.