论托尔斯泰的“泛现实主义化”创作及其得失

On Tolstoy's Pan-Realistic Creation,Success and Failure

托尔斯泰并没有按照一种"标准"意义上的现实主义进行创作,而是走向了泛现实主义化创作。所谓"泛现实主义化"创作,即作者不拘泥于一种模式,而是运用各种创作手法,去不断开拓现实主义"疆域",具体表现在创作中分别向心理的、自然的、古典的三个领域拓展,由此形成了三种"新"的现实主义:即心理主义的现实主义、自然主义的现实主义和古典主义的现实主义,其相应的代表作分别为《伊凡.伊里奇之死》、《哈吉穆拉特》和《复活》。"泛现实主义化"创作现象的出现,既与作者旺盛的艺术创造力使其不甘于一种表现形式有关;也与当时现实主义文学在欧洲趋于衰落有关。托尔斯泰的"泛现实主义化"创作一方面使托尔斯泰的现实主义焕发出新的活力,暂时化解了现实主义所遭遇的危机;但另一方面也带来了一些新问题。总的来看,"泛现实主义化"创作是对托尔斯泰一生创作风格摇曳多变的概括。

Tolstoy didn＇t write according to the standard of realism,but practiced pan-realistic creation,by which writers don＇t stick to a kind of mode,but apply all kinds of methods of writing,explore the territory of realism,develop toward psychological,natural and classical fields,thus forming three new realism：psychological realism,realism of naturalism,and realism of classicalism.Their respective representative works include The Death of Ivan Ilych,Hadji Marad,Resurrection.The appearance of pan-realism phenomenon not only has something to do with being unwilling to use one kind of expression out of the writer＇s vigorous creative abilities,but also has something to do with the decline of realistic literature in Europe at the time.Tolstoy＇s pan-realistic creation made his realism radiate new vigor,and temporarily resolved the crisis met by realism,but on the other hand it also caused new problems.All in all,pan-realistic creation is the summary of Tolstoy＇s changeable writing style through his life.