1～3岁幼儿面孔表情认知发展特征研究

Study on the Characteristics of Facial Expression Cognition of Children Aged 1～3

目的探讨1～3岁幼儿对5种面孔表情的认知反应发展特征。方法选择2006年11月至2008年11月,在中山大学附属第三医院和佛山市妇幼保健院常规保健的1～3岁幼儿180例作为观察对象,让幼儿观看电脑屏幕上呈现的5种标准面孔表情图,记录、编码和分析幼儿对面孔表情图的视觉注意、自身情绪和行为反应。结果1～2岁组幼儿对5种不同表情图的初次注视时间比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05),2～3岁组幼儿对5种不同表情图的初次注视时间比较,差异无显著意义(P<0.01)。幼儿对5种表情图的回看次数和组别效应均不显著。1～1.5岁组幼儿对5种表情的初次注视时间和总注视时间短于其他两组(P<0.01)。各组幼儿对5种不同表情图的积极和消极情绪得分比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。各组幼儿回看母亲、手指指向行为发生率比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05),模仿表情行为发生率和语言表达能力比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.001)。结论1岁以后,幼儿基本能感知和识别不同情绪意义的面孔表情,并开始逐渐对表情进行分类和概念化,但很粗浅。

Objective To study the developmental characteristics of five facial expressions cognition of children aged 1~3 years old. Methods From November 2006 to November 2008, a total of 180 children aged 1 ~ 3 years old were recruited from resident children routine health care department in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Foshan Female and Child Health Hospital. They were requested to watch five kinds of normative facial emotional expression pictures which presented on computer screen. The visual attention, self emotional and behavioral responses of each child toward the facial expressions were recorded by a web camera and then were coded and analyzed from the videotaped observations. Results The difference of first looking time to different expressions was not significant in 1~2 years old children while it was significant in 2~3 years old children. Neither expression nor group effects was obtained for the times of back look. The first-looking time and the total looking time to expressions in 1~1.5 years old group were shorter than those of other groups（P〈0.01）. The score of both positive and negative responses to different expressions were significantly different in all groups. There was significant difference for the verbal ability（P〈0. 001） and behavior of expression imitating （P〈0.01） but no obvious difference for behavior of looking back at mother and finge-pointing （P〉 0. 05） among groups. Conclusion Children can apperceive and recognize facial expressions with different emotional significance over 1-year-old, and begin to categorize and conceptualize the expressions crudely.