咸海流域水资源利用的区域合作问题分析

Regional cooperation issues in water utilization of Aral Sea Basin

咸海的主要水源为阿姆河和锡尔河,自20世纪60年代以来由于人口的增加和农业政策导致的灌溉面积的迅速扩大,河流径流被大量引入且消耗于农业灌溉,使得入湖地表径流大幅度减少。原本是地球上的第四大湖泊的咸海,目前面积已缩小到只有原来的十分之一,并分离形成三个主要的残留湖,湖泊及湖滨的生态环境极度恶化。同时,巨大的干涸裸露湖床已成为盐尘和有毒物的发源地,严重威胁周边地区的人类健康。中亚五国自独立后于1992年签订了《中亚五国水协定》,旨在通过协定和后续协议加强区域合作扭转咸海流域严重的水危机与生态危机。但事与愿违,危机事态未得到抑制且有扩大趋势。通过对相关事态进行的深入分析,认为除改变该地区经济发展模式以减少农业用水外,在公平合理分配水资源的基础上加强国家间的合作,开展全流域水资源的综合开发、利用与管理才是扭转目前危机的最有效的途径。

The Aral Sea is mainly supplied by river flows of Amudaya and Seridaya. The inflows to the Aral Sea have largely reduced due to the great diversion of fiver flows and depletion for irrigated agricultural development sustaining the population growth and in compliance with the national agricultural development policy since 1960 ＇s. The Aral Sea being once the fourth largest lake in the world has reserved its area only to the one tenth of its original size, and it has been separated into three small lakes. The ecology and environments of lake itself and the seashore have been seriously degraded. In the same time, the dried lake bed becomes the sources of salt dust and poisonous materials posing serious threats to the human healthy. Aiming at alleviating the water and ecological crisis through the agreements and mutual cooperation, the five countries of the Aral Sea Basin signed an Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Joint Water Resources Management and Conservation of Interstate Sources after independent from the USSR. However, things go contrary to their wishes. The crisis has not been impeded and seems to be aggravated. Therefore, the paper reveals by scrutiny that the basin-wide national cooperation and integrated development, utilization and management of water resources based on the equitable and reasonable allocation of water re- sources could be an effective approach to alleviating the present crisis in combination with the agricultural water reduction through adjusting the economic development paradigm.