宋明理学中的道心人心问题——心学与朱熹的思想比较

On the Issue of Moral Mind and Human Mind in Neo-Confucianism:Comparing the Theory of the Mind and the Theory of Zhu Xi

朱熹的道心人心统一论是心学道心人心思想的一个主要观照对象。王阳明和湛若水提出了道心人心对立论,要点在于把人心人欲化,从而与朱熹的观点形成明显对立。刘宗周则提出了道心人心一体论,要点在于认定道心是人心的本心,从而与朱学有更多相近之处。心学家的道心人心论述在其思想体系中总的来说没有独立意义,而这与朱熹对道心人心的高度关注颇为不同。这些分析和判断在一定程度上对余英时的相关观点构成了挑战。

Zhu Xi＇s theory of unity between moral mind and human mind constitutes a major object of study for theorists of the mind who formulated theories of moral mind and human mind. Wang Yang-ming and Zhan Ruo-shui propose the theory of opposition between moral mind and human mind,which emphasizes the desiring aspect of human mind,and is therefore in sharp contrast with Zhu Xi＇s theory. Liu Zong-zhou puts forward the theory of monism between moral mind and human mind,which emphasizes that moral mind is the nature of human mind and has therefore more similarity to Zhu Xi＇s theory. What theorists of the mind have proposed about moral mind and human mind does not have independent significance in their system,which makes them different from Zhu Xi who pays much more attention to moral mind and human mind. Such analyses and judgments to some extent constitute challenges to the standpoint of Yu Ying-shi.