卡皮察的坎坷命运与苏联的科学技术政策变迁

Kapitza's Rough Fate and the Changes of Science and Technology Policy of the Soviet Union

苏联物理学家卡皮察早年在英国剑桥大学进修并成为英国皇家学会会员,后来在返回苏联时被苏联当局强行留在国内。他在二战时期的科学成就得到了当局的大力嘉奖。然而,由于他拒绝研究核武器而被解除物理研究所所长职务。同样原因使他尽管在赫鲁晓夫时期回到了原来的岗位,但仍然受到冷落并禁止出国。赫鲁晓夫时期结束后,他才被允许出国。他因在低温物理方面的成就荣获1978年诺贝尔物理学奖。卡皮察的命运大起大落不仅是他个人的命运,也是与苏联不同时期科技政策的变化息息相关的。

Soviet physicist Kapitza finished his early education in Cambridge in the United Kingdom, and became a member of the Royal Socie- ty. When he returned to the Soviet Union later, he was forced to stay at home by the Soviet authorities. He was vigorously awarded by the So- viet authorities because of his scientific achievements during World War II. However, be was relieved of his duties as the director of the Institu- te of Physics because he refused to do any research on nuclear weapons. Even when he returned to his original post in Khrushchev Period, he was still negleted and prevented from leaving the country because of the same reason. After Khrushchev Period, he was allowed to leave the country. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 because of his achievements of low--temperature physics, Kapitza＇s fate of ups and downs are closely related to the changes of science and technology policy of the Soviet Union in different periods.