普遍主义正义理论的困境——唯物史观视野下的社群主义对新自由主义正义理论的批判

On the Dilemma of the Universalist Theory of Justice

基于一种普遍主义的思维模式,以罗尔斯为代表的新自由主义者认为其构建的正义理论是普遍适用,能够超越一切地域、历史、文化和传统的,因而必将面临不可实现的困境。在当代,社群主义对新自由主义的这种普遍主义正义理论进行了釜底抽薪的批判,在社群主义看来,正义是存在于历史之中的,普遍的正义是不存在的。唯物史观认为,正义都是具体的、历史的、具有阶级性;抽象的、超越时空、普遍适用的正义只是理论上的幻象,实践上的乌托邦;社群主义对新自由主义的批判虽然具有一定的合理之处,但其同样有其自身不可避免的理论局限性。

Based on a universalist mode of thinking, the new-liberalists, who John Bordley Rawls is their representative, believe that their theory of justice is universal and can transcend all regions, histories, cultures and traditions, thus, they would face an inevitable dilemma. Communitarianism criticized thoroughly the universalist theory of justice. Communitarianism believes that, justice exists in history and there is no universal justice. The historical materialism believes that, justice is specific and historical; the abstract, transcendental and universal justice is just a theoretical illusion and practical Utopia. Although Communitarianism＇s criticism of the new-liberalism is somewhat reasonable, Communitarianism has its inevitably theoretical limitations.