权力、知识与制度共生息:我国古代制度化德育的历史考察

Interaction between Power,Knowledge and Institution:A Historical Perspective on Institutionalized Moral Education in Ancient China

当权力、知识与制度三者共同运作于德育时,制度化德育即得以形成。伴随着封建专制统治的两千多年历史,以儒家伦理为权威内容,以国家专制政权为支撑,以选拔制度为辅佐,我国古代制度化德育得以形构并强化,又随着儒学的式微、科举制的退场和封建专制政权的崩溃而解体。这种德育服膺于政治伦理,缺失道德理性,扭曲人的德性,对当代中国德育存在负面影响。剔除古代制度化德育的流弊,保有学校德育自身的超越性与独立性,培养"道德人",不失为当今德育走出困境的有效之策。

Under the joint influence of power,knowledge and institution,institutionalized moral education(IME) came into existence in ancient China.During the two thousand years of feudal autocracy,it had been further reinforced and promoted,taking Confucius ethics as an authority,dictatorial government as a patron,selection mechanism as a supplement.With the decline of Confucianism,abolishment of Ke Ju(the Imperial Examination) and collapse of feudal dictatorship,IME also has been discarded in modern China.This kind of education,based on political ethics rather than human rationality and virtues,has exerted negative influence on contemporary moral education.To offset its harmful effects and nurture 'the moral man',what we should do today is to eliminate those outdated,decayed elements of IME,and at the same time retain the independence and transcendence of moral education itself.