2[1]Price Waterhouse & Coopers. The Opacity Index. downloaded from www. opacityindex, com, 2001
3[2]SEC statement regarding international accounting standards, April 11, 1996. downloaded from www. iasc. org. uk
4[3]UNCTAD, The role of accounting disclosure in the east asian financial crisis: Lessons learned? prepared by Zubaidur Rahman, 1998
5[4]FASB Steering Committee, Improving Business Report: Insight into enhancing voluntarily disclosure, Business Report Research Pro-ject, downloaded from www. fasb. org, 2001
6[5]Ball, Robin and Wu, Incentives versus standards: Properties of accounting income in four east asian countries and implications for acceptunce of IAS, downloaded from http: //papers. ssm. com/paper, taf? abstract-id=216429, 2000
7[6]Ball, Kothari and Robin, The effect of international institutional factors on the properties of earnings, JAE29 (1), 2000
8[7]Kothari et al, 1989; Basu, 1997等
9Glisten, L, and P Milgrom, 1985, "Bid, Ask, and Transaction Prices in a Specialist Market with Heterogeneously Informed Traders", Journal of Financial Economics 26, 71-100.
10Handa, P, and S Linn, 1993, "Arbitrage pricing with estimation risk", Journal of Financial Economics,81-100.