我国23家煤矿企业职业病危害因素及其防护现状

A Study of Occupational Hazards in 23 Coal Mine Enterprises in China and Their Protection Status

[目的]了解我国煤矿企业的职业病危害因素及其防护现状。[方法]采用流行病学现况调查的方法,对辽宁、河北、江苏和北京地区共23家煤矿企业的职业病危害因素及其防护现状开展调查。[结果]粉尘、噪声仍是煤矿最为严重的职业病危害因素,其防护措施在采、掘工作面以湿式打眼和洒水抑尘为主,辅以局部机械通风;综采机、割煤机、掘进机等处多采用局部机械喷雾除尘;采、掘转接点、皮带、材料运输多采用水雾除尘;露天坑下公路采用公路洒水车等降尘措施。许多工作地点尽管设置了防护设施,但由于日常管理、检修、维护不够,其粉尘污染仍较为严重。防尘口罩的配置数量基本可以满足需求,但防毒用品和护听器的配置远远满足不了实际需求;半数企业未按专业技术培训使用个人防护用品(personal protective equipment,PPE)。[结论]本次调查的煤矿企业职业病危害防护设施的监督与日常管理仍不到位,PPE的选择、使用与维护尚不合理。

[ Objective ] To understand the status of the occupational hazards in China＇s key coal mines and their protections. [ Methods ] Adopting the method of status investigation in the epidemiology, an investigation was conducted for the occupational hazards and protective status of the 23 key coal mine enterprises in Liaoning, Hebei, and Jiangsu provinces and Beijing city. [ Results ] The dusts and noises are still the most serious occupational hazards in China＇ s coal mine enterprises. The protective facilities in the work face of mining, drilling and excavation were mainly configured with the wet stiletto equipments and sprinkler to restraint dust, and supplemented by local mechanical ventilation equiments. Local mechanical spray devices were mainly used in the mechanized mining, coal-cutting and excavating machines. The water spray dustproof devices were mainly used in mining and digging connecting points, strap transport and material transport. The dustproof devices such as sprinkler were used in the road surfaces of open pit. Despite the protective facilities were already set up in many workplaces, but the dust pollution was still more serious because the insufficiency of daily management, examination and repairment, and the maintenance of these facilities. The total configured number of dust masks may basically meet the protective requirements, whereas, which of gas defence and hearing protectors could not meet the actual demand. More than half of the enterprises failed to train the user how to properly use the personal protective equipments（ PPE ）according tO the professional and technical traning standards. [ Conclusion ] The absence of supervision and daily management for occupational hazard protection facilities and the unreasonable selection, use and maintenance of PPE are important reasons for occurrence of occupational diseases in China＇s coal mining enterprises.