植物诱发突变技术育种研究现状与展望

CURRENT STATUS AND OUTLOOK PERSPECTIVES OF INDUCED MUTATIONS FOR PLANT IMPROVEMENT

自1928年以来，诱发突变技术应用于农作物新材料创制和优良新品种培育，在解决世界粮食安全与营养供给中发挥了显著作用。据不完全统计，截至2009年9月，世界上60多个国家在170多种植物上利用诱发突变技术育成和推广了3088个突变品种，其中中国在45种植物上育成了802个突变品种，超过目前国际诱变育成品种数据库中总数的四分之一而位居世界第一。中国育成的突变品种年最大种植面积900万hm^2，每年为国家增产粮、棉、油10～15亿kg，社会经济效益超过20亿元。近年来，加速器离子柬辐照、空间环境诱变等新型诱变手段，以及传统核辐射诱变技术的有效利用，在我国农作物诱变改良与新基因挖掘中的应用日趋活跃。植物基因组学和高通量DNA技术（如TILLING等）的发展将把传统诱变育种推向分子突变育种新时代，并将在支撑我国及世界粮食安全领域发挥更大作用。

Since 1928, induced mutations have played a significant role in solving world food and nutritional security problems through mutant germplasm enhancement and new mutant variety development. According to incomplete statistics, up to September 2009, induced mutations have officially released 3088 mutant cuhivars in more than 170 crop species by more than 60 countries in the world. China tanks the first in the world, which has have released 802 mutant cultivars in 45 crop species, and takes more than a quarter of the total number of mutant varieties in the FAO/IAEA database. The maximum annually accumulated planting area of the mutant varieties was 9 million hectares, with an additional increase of 1.5 billion kilograms to national output of grain, cotton, oil, being converted to social and economic benefits of more than 2 billion RMB. The recent development and application of accelerator ion beam irradiation, the spaceflight environment and the other new mutation means, as well as the effective use of traditional radiation mutagenesis are becoming more active in crop improvement and new gene discovery. The advent of plant genomics and high throughput DNA techniques, such as TILLING, have opened a new era of molecular mutation breeding, which will overcome the limitations of conventional mutation breeding and play a significant role in solving China and world food security.