黄海北部仿刺参养殖池塘关键环境因子的周年变化与管理研究

The annual variation in key environmental factors and management in a sea cucumber culture pond in Northern Yellow Sea

研究了黄海北部非投喂型仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus养殖池塘的温度、溶氧、盐度、pH和大型生物等环境因子的周年变化特点，以及春季化冰期池塘的温度、盐度、pH的日变化规律，同时对池塘的纳潮换水、水位管理以及敌害生物的控制等技术环节进行了探讨，分析了环境因子与仿刺参养殖的关系。结果表明：（1）池塘周年水温变化在-1．2～30．4℃，最高在8月，最低在1月；溶解氧值波动于3．5—21．3mg／L，冬季高，夏季低；溶解氧与温度之间的回归关系为Do=0．018T^2-0．818T＋15．805；pH值波动于7．印～8．72，冬、夏季高，春、秋季低；盐度波动于22．5～33．5，夏季偏低。（2）冬季水温下降到-1．0℃时，池塘表层开始结冰并逐渐封冰；春季在化冰时存在温度和盐度跃层，可采用将表层水排放掉的方法消除跃层。（3）池塘的大型植物主要包括缘管浒苔、刚毛藻、沟草等，大型动物主要有矛尾缎虎鱼、石鲽、花鲈、蓝点马鲛、鲮、斑鲦、鳐等鱼类，太平洋牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、黑荞麦蛤等贝类以及脊尾白虾、口虾蛄等。（4）在化冰期注意池塘盐度变化，化冰前池塘冰下水位应控制在120～130cm以上，化冰后池塘水深应控制在150—170cm以上。（5）在夏季高温期应注意监测溶解氧的变化，防止因藻类死亡腐败、溶解氧含量下降而导致仿刺参发生缺氧死亡的现象。

The annual variation in environmental factors including water temperature, dissolved oxygen level, salinity, pH, and large organisms was studied in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus culture ponds in the northern Yellow Sea and the effects of these factors on the culture of the sea cucumber were evaluated to improve the culture technologies, such as the water management and harmful organisms control. The water temperature （T） in the ponds was found to vary from - 1.2 ℃ in January to 30.4 ℃in August. The dissolved oxygen levels （ Do） were measured from 3.5 mg/L to 21.3 mg/L, high in winter and low in summer, with relationship between dissolved oxygen and water temperature as DO =0.018T2 -0. 818T＋ 15. 805. The pH values ranged from 7.60 to 8.72, higher in winter and summer than that in spring and autumn, and the salinity from 22.5 to 33.5, much lower in summer. The sea water in ponds was frozen when it was dropped to - 1 ℃. The thermocline and halocline layers was observed during the ice melting period, and prevented by surface water exchanging. The sea weed morpha linza, Cladophora, and Ruppla rostellata were found in the ponds and large aquatic animals including Entermorpha linza, Cladophora, and Ruppla rostellata were found in the ponds and large aquatic animals including Chaeturichthys stigmatias , Kareius bicoloratus , L. japonicus , L. haematocheila , Hemirhamphus sajori , Clupanodon punctatus , O. （Crassostrea） talienwhanensis , Ruditapes philippinarum, Onchidium verruculatum, Xenostrobus atratus , O.oratoria, and P. carinicauda were observed in the ponds. The changes in salinity should be taken more care of in order to make the ponds safe for sea cucumbers, The water levels were more than 120 - 130 cm under the ice before the ice melting, and over 150- 170 cm after the melting to prevent the water from abrupt change in salinity. The dissolved oxygen levels were monitored, especially during high temperature summer to prevent the sea cucumber from being suffocated to death.