秦汉三国时期的奴隶——以成都为例

Slaves of the Qin and Han Dynasties & the Three Kingdoms——Taking Chengdu for example

本文通过对典型地区、典型城市——成都的解剖，来了解、研究秦汉三国时期全国普遍存在的奴隶。成都奴隶来源甚多，主要有：战俘、罪犯等被罚为奴者；周边民族地区相互掳奴转卖来者；历次全国大动乱、大灾难时从各地避难入蜀的部分难民以及奴产子。东汉时期，成都一名奴隶的身价，约当成都附近的犀浦20～80亩田地，非常昂贵!本文初步推算，西汉晚期成都地区有奴婢30万人左右；东汉中晚期至少有44万人以上，约占当时该区域总人口的14．2％。奴隶不仅被普遍用于生产和生活奴役，也是奴隶主们投资增值的一个重要途径。奴隶主们主要通过买卖奴隶和繁衍奴产子来增值。

On the basis of an anatomy of Chengdu as a typical area and a typical city, this paper explains and studies slaves t prevailing nitionwide in the periods of the Qin and Han dynasties and theThree Kingdoms. Chengdu slaves were mainly composed of prisoners of war, criminals punished as slaves, persons catptured and sold among the neighboring ethnic areas, part of refugees from all over the country as a result of various nationwide unrests and major disasters, and offsprings of these slaves. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a slave＇s worth very was very expensive in Chengdu, being equal to the value of 20 -80 mu farmland at Xipu near Chengdu! By a rough calculation, this paper concludes that in Chengdu, there were about 300,000 slaves in the late Western Han Dynasty and at least 440,000 slaves in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, taking about 14. 2% of the total population of this region. Slaves were not only widely used in farming and housework, thus becoming an important value -added investment of slave - owners through slaves trading and slave reproduction.