发达国家新能源政策的调整及其启示

Evolvement of New Energy Policies in Developed World and Enlightenment to China

开发新能源是国家能源安全战略的一个重要方面,世界各国都十分重视。美国石油替代能源发展经历了甲醇燃料、氢能、生物质能3个阶段,目前已成为新能源产业发展最快的国家之一。德国、日本、芬兰根据本国国情都制定了新能源政策。德国采用补贴式发展模式推动新能源发展,并通过行政手段解决新能源产业发展的资本难题。日本能源政策的特点是:能源构成多样化、进口多元化、节能以及建立强大的石油战略储备等,并积极开发新能源。芬兰一方面大力提高能源利用效率,实施节能;另一方面开发以再生能源为主的新能源,因地制宜地发展生物质能。世界大石油公司认为可再生能源的研发是一种边缘的非核心业务,他们主要开发生物燃料,因为生物燃料更接近石油公司的核心业务。发达国家新能源的发展历程表明,补贴式新能源产业发展模式只能作为新能源开发的引发剂而非长久之计。新能源产业要真正成为未来各国经济的支柱产业,必须寻找新的科技、资本手段来支持新能源产业发展。

Developing new energy sources is an important part of a country＇s energy security strategy and all countries place high value on it.The United States＇ petroleum alternative energy development has undergone three major phases-methanol fuel ,hydrogen and biomass.The US new energy industry is now one of the world＇s fastest growing new energy industries.Germany,Japan and Finland have all formulated new energy policies based on their country specifics.Germany pushes new energy development by offering subsidies and solve capital problems in developing the new energy industry by administrative means.Japanese energy policies are characterized by diversified energy sources, diversified imports, energy conservation, strong strategic petroleum reserve and new energy development.Finland on the one hand aggressively raises its energy efficiency and takes energy saving measures and on the other hand develops new energy based on renewable energy sources as well as biomass energy.Oil majors regard the research and development of renewable energy as a marginal non-core business and focus their development efforts on hiofuels as these fuels are closer to their core business.The development of new energy in developed countries suggests that subsidization can only serve as an initiator in developing new energy and is not a permanent solution.To develop new energy industry as a mainstay of economy ,new technical and capital means must be found to buoy the development of the new energy industry.