旅游风景区景观格局变化及其驱动机制——以庐山风景名胜区为例

Change of Landscape Pattern and Its Driving Mechanism in Landscape Zones:A Case Study of Mount Lushan National Park

在3S技术支持下,以2000年和2004年的TM影像为主要数据源,采用景观格局指数分析方法,探讨了庐山风景区两期景观格局特征及动态变化情况.结果表明:庐山风景区的旅游景观生态系统内,林地景观类型占有绝对的优势,但耕地的规模仍维持在较高的水平.从2000年到2004年,各景观类型的面积发生了较大的变化.总量减少的景观类型为耕地、林地和其他土地,园地、草地、城镇村及工矿用地、交通运输用地、水域及水利设施用地的面积则大幅增加,其中交通运输用地的年均增幅最为显著.庐山各景观类型基本处于动态变迁过程中,林地保留的比率最高,草地和其他土地的原始保留比率都很低,表明自然景观生态系统受到了较大的外力压迫.庐山风景区内各景观类型的斑块数量极不平均,年变动幅度很大.在8种景观类型中,城镇村及工矿用地和交通运输用地是变化最显著的人为干扰斑块,表明了人类干扰能力的快速增加,人为景观斑块对于自然斑块的影响力可能产生了较大的负面作用.林地、园地等斑块形状渐趋简单,表明受干扰程度越大,生态系统的脆弱性也越明显.导致庐山风景区内景观格局快速变化的驱动力主要源于自然因素、城市化的快速推进和旅游业的快速发展三大直接动因.

Mount Lushan National Park is a key object to be studied in this paper,which shows that landscape pattern and its dynamic change can reflect the ecological process of its tourism ecosystem.Based on the TM images collected in 2000 and 2004,the landscape pattern changes of Mount Lushan were analyzed using landscape metrics combined with gradient analysis.Results demonstrate that woodland plays a dominant role in the tourism ecosystem of the study area while the scale of farmland remains at a relatively high level;that the areas of all land types change markedly from 2000 to 2004： farmland,woodland and other lands decrease while the lands for gardens,grass,towns and villages,mines,traffic and transportation,and water supply and systems have greatly increased;that all land types are in a dynamic evolution process： woodland occupies the highest percentage while meadow and other lands have a lower one,indicating that its natural landscape ecosystem is under an external pressure;that the number of patches in all land types is not even,changing greatly year by year;that among all the eight land types,the change,of resident and industry land,of traffic and transportation land mainly results from human disturbance,indicating that human disturbance increases rapidly and its artificial landscapes affect more and more the development of natural landscapes;that the shape of woodland and garden plots becomes much simpler,indicating they suffer much human disturbance as well as a more obvious vulnerability;and that the actuating forces to cause the fast landscape change of Mount Lushan are mainly natural factors,speeded-up urbanization and speeded-up tourism industry.