关于日语主语问题的逻辑考量

Logical Reflections on Subject in Japanese

主谓结构作为一种基于逻辑学意义上的基本思维形式,它是人类思维的共性,普遍存在于各国语言之中。有谓语必然有主语,不存在没有主语的谓语。主语的有无取决于它的内在本质,而非外在表象,不能以英语主语的表象特征来决定主语的本质,并据此认为日语中不存在主语。无论是日语主语省略句还是无主句,其谓语都存在事实上的逻辑主语。可以利用日语中特有的主格助词和主题助词的形态标记,来深化对主语的认识,把主语分为主格主语和主题主语。

As a basic logical reasoning form universal in human thinking, subject-predicate structure exists in all languages. Predicate necessitates a subject, and there is no predicate without a subject. Whether there is a subject or not in a sentence depends on its intrinsic nature, but not on its external representation. The nature of subject cannot be determined by the representation feature of the English subject and neither can the conclusion be drawn that no subject exists in Japanese. In Japanese, both ellipsis and expletive structure contain its logic subject. We recognize two kinds of elements in view of the structure of a verb phrase ： nominative verb and thematic verb. The subject is determined by the verb phrases, so subject is divided into nominative subject and thematic subject.