古村落旅游可持续性评估的初步研究——以世界文化遗产地宏村为例

Preliminary Study on the Assessment of Tourism Sustainability in Ancient Village——Taking World Cultural Heritage Site Hongcun as An Example

进入21世纪,全国掀起了古村落旅游热潮,古村落成为旅游开发的重点。寻求古村落遗产保护和旅游发展的"双赢"之路、探索古村落旅游可持续发展成为旅游学术界和业界的共同任务。本文在库(Ko)构建的旅游可持续性评估理论框架的基础上,展开了古村落旅游可持续性的评估模型及其实证研究。古村落旅游可持续性评估模型包括人文系统和生态系统两大部分,其中人文系统包括社会文化发展、经济发展、古建筑保护状况、社会政策、旅游服务与质量等5个维度,生态系统包括总体环境感知、生态系统质量、环境政策与管理水平等3个维度,总共有32个具体量测指标。利用该模型对世界文化遗产宏村进行了实证研究,结果表明:①从整体上看,宏村旅游发展处于潜在可持续状态之中,旅游开发活动并未危及其健康持续发展;②从具体指标的旅游可持续性水平上看,宏村目前绝大多数指标均处于潜在可持续以上状态,仅在"社区参与与管理水平"、"利益分配的公平性"两个指标上处于潜在不可持续状态,由于这两个指标不是环境、生态等基础性因子,可以通过调整政策和管理模式来进行优化。

A new ursurge of ancient village travel is underway nationwide in the 21st century. Ancient village has become the focal point of tourism development. It has been the common task of both academic and industrial circles to seek the ＂win-win＂ path of heritage protection and tourism development and explore the sustainable development of ancient village travel. The paper, based on the framework of assessment theory of tourism sustainability constructed by Tae Gyou Ko, makes an empirical study of assessment model which consists of humane system and ecosystem. Humane system includes five dimensions of sociocultural development, economic development, protection of ancient architecture, social policy and tourism service and quality. Ecosystem includes three dimensions of overall environmental perception,ecosystem quality; environmental policy and managerial level. There are altogether 32 concrete indices. We make an empirical study on world cultural heritage site Hongcun by applying this model. The result indicates. 1. Overall, tourism development in Hongcun is under potential and sustainable situation. The tourism development activities do not harm its healthy and sustainable development. 2. Most of the indices in Hongcun are above the potential and sustainable development. Only two indices ＂community participation and managerial level ＂ and ＂justice of interest distribution＂ are under potential but unsustainable state＂. Since these two indices are not basic factors such as environment and ecology, they can be optimized through adjusting policy and managerial mode.