3Capone A C, Safar P, Stezoski W, et al. Improved, outcome with fluid restriction in the treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock[J]. J Am Coll Surg,1995,180(1) :49-56.
4Stern S A. Low-volume fluid resuscitation for presumed hemorrhagic shock: helpful or harmful [J]? Curr Opin Crit Care, 2001,7(6) :422-430.
5Varela J E,Cohn S M ,Diaz I,et al. Splanchnic perfusion during delayed, hypotensive, or aggressive fluid resuscitation from uncontrolled hemorrhage [J]. Shock, 2003,20 (5) : 476-480.
7WILKES NJ,WOOLF R,MUTCH M,et al.Balanced salt vs saline-based HES and crystalloid solutions on acid-base/electrolytes/gastric perfusion in surgical patients[J].Anesth Analg,2001,93(16):811-816.
8WILLIAMS EL,HILDEBRAND KL,MCCORMICK SA,et al.The effect of intravenous lactated Ringer's solution versus 0.9%solution chloride solution on serum osmolality in human volunteers[J].Anesth Analg,1999,88 (28):999-1003.
9WILCOX CS.Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride[J].J Clin Invest,1983,71(3):726-735.
10PROUGH DS,WHITE RT.Acidosis associated with perioperative saline administration:dilution or delusion?[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93 (5):1167-1169.
3Choi P T L,Yip G,Quinonez L G.Crystalloids vs.colloids in fluid resuscitation:a systematic review[J].Crit Care Med,1999,27(1):200-210.
4Hoyt D.Fluid resuscitation:the target from an analysis of trauma systems and patient survival[J].J Trauma,2003,(5 suppl):3l-35.
5Schierhout G,Roberts I.Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients:systematic review of randomised controlled trials[J].BMJ,1998,316(7153):961-964.
6Mattox K L,Maningas P A,Moore E E,et al.Prehospital hypertonic saline/dextran infusion for post-traumatic hypotension:The U.S.A.Multicenter Trial[J].Ann Surg,1991,213(5):482-491.