宋代士大夫隐逸思潮探析

Research on Hermit Ideas of Scholar-Officials in the Song Dynasty

宋代是一个"与士大夫共治天下"的时代,文人士大夫获得了前所未有的政治地位,然而在现实生活中,宋代的文人士大夫却处处凝聚着一股归田、退隐、出世的思想,凸显出一种前所未有的隐逸思潮。宋代士大夫隐逸思潮的盛行,不仅与宋代冗官、闲官政治紧密相联,也与宋政权对文人士大夫的牵制以及朋党之争息息相关;宋代意识形态领域中儒、佛、道三教融合的社会思潮,则使他们能够在当世之志遭受挫折之际,退而出入佛道,用佛道出世远世和遁隐的精神解脱自己;宋代文人士大夫自省、内敛的心态和审美趣味,使他们在审美意象上更加注重内心情感的体验和对平淡闲适生活的追求,并由此将退隐作为体验自由、寻求心灵解脱和淡泊澄静的一种生活方式。

The Song Dynasty is an era ＂jointly ruled by the emperor and his scholar-officials＂,with the latter being in an unprecedented political status.However there are,in reality and/or in practice,trend of thoughts among scholar-officials to resign or to retire from office,thus escaping the world.The unprecedented hermit ideas very much prevalent at that time were not only closely related with the existence of redundant and unoccupied officials,but also with the regime that controlled these scholar-officials and the struggle between different political cliques.The social trend of thought of the integration of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism in the ideology of the Song Dynasty enabled them to escape reality to become Buddhists when their ambitions suffered setbacks,in order to get rid of their spiritual dilemma with escapism and aloofness from the world.The introspective,introverted mentality and aesthetic taste have caused them to be more concerned with the aesthetic image of the inner emotional experience,and the pursuit of a leisure life,and thus they chose retiring as a way of life to seek to experience freedom,spiritual relief,and to free themselves from worldly fame and wealth.