足球守门员在防守点球运动情境中眼动特征的研究

Study on Eye Movement of Goalkeepers Defensive for Penalty Ball

采用美国应用科学实验室(ASL)生产的504型眼动仪,以10名专业足球守门员和10名大学生足球守门员为被试,以防守点球为运动情境片段,对专业守门员的眼动特征进行实验性研究,比较两组守门员的眼动实验结果,探讨守门员在防守点球时眼动特征对决策准确性的影响。实验结果表明:1)在防守点球情境中,专业守门员与大学生守门员的眼动特征存在明显差异;2)专业守门员采用了相对合理的视觉搜索策略,注视点集中,注视分配主次明显,注视轨迹简单、实用,信息实效性更强;3)罚球运动员的支撑脚、摆动腿、脚触球是决定射门方向的主要观察点。在防守时,重点注视这三个区域,结合临场经验做出分析判断,可有效提高防守点球成功率;4)运动水平和临场经验对准确做出防守决策至关重要,运动水平越高,临场经验越丰富,防守决策准确率越高。

Applied Science Laboratory（ASL） produced 504-based eye tracking system, taking 10 professional football goalkeeper and 10 students as subjects for testing goalkeeper to defend the ball a penalty for the exercise scenario fragments, the eye movement of professional goal- keeper dynamic characteristics was made a experimental study to compare the two sets of goal- keeper results of eye movements to explore the goalkeeper the ball in the defensive penalty, the eye movement characteristics of the impact of the decision-making accuracy. The result showed that 1） the ball in the defensive penalty situations, professional goalkeeper and the goalkeeper of the eye movement characteristics of college students was significant difference. 2） Profes- sional goalkeeper with a relatively reasonable visual search strategy, look at spots, look at the allocation of primary and secondary clear watching track simple, practical and information more effective. 3） The kicker of the supporting leg, swing leg, foot ball determined the direction of the main observation point shooting. In the defense, the focus of attention to these three areas, combined with an analysis of experience-spot judgments could effectively improve the success rate of defending the ball penalty. 4） Sports experience level and defensive decision-making was essential for accurate, the higher of exercise level and game experience, the higher of defensive decision-making accuracy rate.