师范院校与中国的现代化:1897～1937

Normal Universities and Colleges in China's Modernization:1897-1937

本文试图从社会史的角度,将师范院校视为一种文化和社会机构,考察它们在20世纪前半叶中国历史变迁中的角色。笔者指出了欧美学界在中国教育的研究中对师范学校的忽视,认为这种忽视表现出他们在研究中国社会时仍持有"隐性"的"西方中心论"。文中讨论了师范院校在教育体系中的独特设计、课程设置、培养目标以及学生来源和教育实践活动,认为这些都表现出中国对西方教育制度的选择性接受,体现了"传统"与"现代"的连续性以及"中""西"文化和教育理念的相互渗透、包容、改造。同时,从社会层面上看,师范学校的独特性使其对清末的社会转型、民国时期的国家建设和乡村改造、20世纪女子教育和女性进入社会,以及中国共产党在20世纪30年代的东山再起,都产生了重要的影响。

In this paper, the author tries to use sociological approach to treat normal universities and colleges in China in the first half of 1900s as socio-cultural institutions and examine the role they were playing in China＇s transformation in that historical period. In the western studies of Chinese education, normal universities and colleges have been neglected, which, this author argues, demonstrates an implicit attitude of ＂western centralism＂. By discussing the characteristic design of normal universities and colleges, their curricula, their target of training, their sources of clientele, and their teaching methodology, this paper tries to show that China＇s adoption of western educational system is tolerant, but serective and critical nonetheless, featuring interpenetration between western and Chinese cultural and educational ideologies. The continuity between the traditional system and modern innovation should therefore not be overlooked. On the social plane, normal universities and colleges, owing to their distinctive characteristics, had an important impact on the social transformation towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, the state construction and rural re-construction in the Republic period, female education and female social participation, and the revival of the CPC in 1930s.