粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究

Rule of Grain Yield Components from High Yield to Super High Yield and the Characters of Super-high Yielding Japonica Super Rice

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种(武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号)为材料,对高产(8250—9750kg.hm-2)、更高产(9750—11250kg.hm-2)和超高产(>11250kg.hm-2)3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高(差异显著),而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减(差异不显著)。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容(安全成熟的群体高颖花量),通过保持正常的充实度(即保证常年的结实率与千粒重),从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

[Objective] Rice is one of the important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the rule of grain yield components from high-yield to super-high-yield and the characters of super-high-yielding Japonica super rice. [ Method ] The grain yield and its components and the population sink and its filling of grain yield of three types of populations （High Yield： 8 250-9 750 kg.hm-2; Higher Yield： 9 750-11 250 kg-hm-2; Super High Yield：〉ll 250 kg.hm-2） in four Japonica super rice （Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1） were analyzed. [Result] Super-high-yielding rice had more population spikelets than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice （The difference among them was significant）. There was no significant difference in filled-grain and 1000-grain- weight among the grain yield of three types of populations. The relationship between the population spikelets and grain yielding was significant at safe maturity. In order to enlarge the population spikelets, it almost depended on enriching panicles from high-yield to higher-yield, and increasing spikelets per panicles was the major factor from higher-yield to super-high-yield. There was no significant difference in filling rate of sink among the grain yield of three types of populations, but the amount of actual filling of sink in super-high-yielding rice was more than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice at safe maturity. [Conclusion] The characters of super-high-yielding rice are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through keep normal filling rate of sink, and thus forming a safe and large sink made up of enough big panicles.