农村生活污水治理示范工程的成本有效性研究——以上海和苏南地区为例

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Projects:A Case Study in Shanghai and Southern Jiangsu Province

成本有效性是农村生活污水治理工程从示范到普及推广的生命线。本文在上海和苏南地区9个示范工程调研的基础上,将农村生活污水的治理技术简化为"城镇污水处理厂小型化"和"自然处理系统"两种工艺,对示范工程的成本有效性进行了分析。研究发现,示范工程在管网费用、设备费用、土地占用成本和日常运营费用等方面都存在成本下降的空间。针对这些问题,本文提出了相应的政策建议:合理的项目选址是影响管网费用的决定性因素;政府层面的集中研发可以削减单个项目的重复研发费用;设定工程建造标准可以避免土地利用和工程建设中不必要的浪费;农民和第三方企业的广泛参与则可以节省建设和运营成本,更重要的是可以保证工程建成后的有效运行。

Cost effectiveness of the rural domestic sewage treatment projects is the key factor to promote its popularization. We divide the wastewater treatment techniques into two types, which are conventional advanced wastewater treatment technique and natural ecosystem treatment technique, to simplify the comparison. On the basis of surveying 9 demonstration projects on nLral wastewater treatment in Shanghai and southern Jiangsu, this article carries out a cost-effectiveness analysis, which finds that the existing demonstration projects still have large cost-saving space on the waste pipe costs, equipment costs, land costs, the cost of day-to-day operatious, etc. Finally relative conclusions and advice are proposed. Reasonable location can largely reduce the pipe cost of the project. Centralizing R＆D on the government level can reduce R＆D costs of single project. Setting standards of construction helps avoid unnecessary land use and construction expenditure. Involvement of farmers and thin-party enterprises in the construction and operation not only saves costs, but more importantly, ensures the effective function of the project.