国内外可持续发展评价方法对比分析

Comparison and Analysis on Different Methods of Sustainability Evaluation at Home and Abroad

国际、国内很多组织都对可持续性评价方法进行过研究分析,但大多是特定的案例研究。目前国内外对可持续发展评价方法没有一个全面系统的分析比较,使得不同地区比较起来很困难。本文对各种评价方法如环境可持续性指数法、生态足迹法、能值分析法和指标综合评价法的来源、理论和应用作了介绍。得出各方法适用范围:可持续性指数法适合于国家间的综合评价;生态足迹和能值分析法适合于各种范围,包括国家、区域、地区和小系统;指标体系综合评价法对于小范围更合适。同时对各种方法的优势和缺陷进行了分析讨论,得出:可持续性指数法信息量大,但是计算复杂;生态足迹法计算过程简单,但是缺失一些可持续性信息;能值分析法考虑问题全面,但是其原理涉及热力学知识,很难被一些学者认同;指标体系评价法变通性较大,可随着评价系统的变化而进行调整,但是主观性较强。通过分析指出不同方法适用范围并指出每种分析方法的优势和不足,为以后选择合适的分析方法评价对象的可持续性提供依据。

This article introduces history, methodology and application of sustainabihty evaluation methods such as environmental sustainability index （ESI）, ecological footprint （EF）, emergy ratios （renewability and emergy sustainability index） （EmPIs） and sustainability evaluation indicators. ESI is suitable for multi-national scale, EF and EmPIs for multi-national, sub-national, regional and local scales, while sustainability evaluation indicators are only for small ecosystems. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages among these methods： ESI provides us large information, but with complicated calculation process; EF has a simple calculation progress, but lack of some sustainable information such as soil loss and forest destruction; EmPIs considers all the situations which can be very flexible according to specific systems and has a relatively simple calculation process, but its theory is a little difficult for non-ecological researchers to understand; Sustainability evaluation indicators are flexible, but from a subjective view. Analyses above which point out application scale of each method and its abvantoges and disadvantages are useful references to the choosing of suitable sustainabihty evalution methods choosing evaluation methodologies.