“X以上”格式在现代汉语中的演进

On the Development of "X Yishang(以上)" Structure in Modern Chinese

"X以上"是一个古老的格式。为了表意的严密,现代汉语中"X以上"格式有了演进,形成了三种新兴的较为定型的模式。第一种模式为"X前后复用式",比如"X或/及X以上";第二种模式为"X后项指代式",比如"X及其以上";第三种模式为"X后项减省式",比如"X及以上"。从纷乱到成型,从增繁到再趋简,从共存到频率有秩,这是上述新兴模式的演进轨迹。本文分别描写三种模式的基本状况,并且对新兴模式的演进轨迹做了解说。文章最后还指出,书面语以口语为基础,但书面语的发展有其特殊需求,并非口语的简单复制。

＂X Yishang（以上）＂ structure is old in Chinese. In order to keep the strictness of accurate meaning, the structure developed and formed three definite modes in modern Chinese. In the first mode, ＂X＂ appears twice such as ＂X Huo（或）/Ji（及）X Yishang（以上）＂. In the second mode, ＂X＂ just appears once, while another word qi（其）is used after it to refer to it again like a pronoun. In the third mode, not only ＂X＂ appears only once, but no other components is used after it. The form of the third one is ＂ X Ji （及）Yishang（以 上）＂. Better shaping, simplification and order can be found in the development of the structure. This paper describes the three modes and explains its development track, In conclusion, it points out that although the development of written language is on the basis of oral language, it is not the simple duplication of that.