课程标准的开发与基于标准的学业水平考试的设计:美国的经验与启示

The Development of Curriculum Standards and Assessments in America

美国课程标准的开发有一个历史发展和演变的过程。开发过程主要依赖于学科专家的知识和经验以及相关的研究进展和结论,并根据其他专家组、利益群体以及公众的反馈意见不断修改直至最后颁布。其课程标准以学习结果为取向,围绕核心内容领域跨年级螺旋递进编排,详尽规定各年级认知表现期望,并通过评价框架、一致性分析和标准设定等手段确保学业水平考试与课程标准要求的对应性。这对我国相应工作具有重要的借鉴意义。

The development of curriculum standards in America evolves over time. The process of their development typically involves several cycles in which panels of subject - matter experts, based on their knowledge and experiences as well as advances and findings from the relevant research, first formulate a draft of the curriculum standard, and are continuously revising it based on feedbacks from other expert teams, stakeholders and the public until its publication. Major features of the curriculum standards in America includes outcome-oriented formulation, an intended progression of complexity of understanding across grades for central principles within each discipline, and detailed specification of grade - level cognitive performance expectations. Alignment of curriculum standard and assessment is rigorously pursued through formulating assessment frameworks, alignment analysis as well as standard setting procedures. Such practices bear important implications for the corresponding enterprises here in China.