司法之所以为司法的组织结构依据——论中国法院改革的核心问题之所在

The Organizational Structure for Justice:Issues Concerning Reform of Chinese Courts

司法之所以为司法,在于其功能不同于立法和行政,更在于它有一种不同于立法和行政的组织结构来保障。组织结构决定了组织中人的行为的基本指向及其沟通和互动方式。中国法院以等级结构为主的组织结构,造成了所有进入法院的人的行为表现为以以垂直指向、纵向沟通和服从型互动为主;在审理阶段所有参与人的交流不积极,也不深入;判决权可能在法院内部被处于各等级结构的法官分享,也可能在法院以外被瓜分;还表现为"审"与"判"分离,判决书缺乏说理性,审判缺乏公开性、公正性和权威性等方面。中国法院改革的核心问题,就是将这种以等级结构为主的组织结构变为以同等结构为主,将法院内可与审判分离的等级结构因素从法院中分离出来,进行更加集中化、行政化和等级化的管理。

The reason why judiciary is judiciary lies not only in that its function differs from that of the legislature or the executive, but also in that it has a distinct organizational structure serving as the foothold for justice. Such a structure determines the basic behavior and interactive mode of people within court. The hierarchical structure in China＇ s people＇ s courts leads to the fact that men＇ s behavior tends to be vertical-directed, their communication is of vertical nature and their interaction bears a color of obedience. In the trial stage com- munication between all participants seems less active or immediate. Right of decision may be enjoyed by judges at different levels within the court hierarchical structure or even be shared outside the court. Further, issues exist such as separation of ＂trial＂ and ＂judgment,＂ lack of ratio decidendi in the judgment, and absence of openness, fairness and authority in trials. The key issue in reforming Chinese courts is to change such a hierar- chical organizational structure into one characterized by equal relations. Some hierarchical structures irrelevant to trial may be separated from the court so as to make them have a more centralized, executive-oriented and hierarchical management.