启蒙的独断与障蔽——从《潘先生在难中》的精神局限说起

The Arbitrary and Cover-up of Enlightenment

启蒙在中国不单单意味着个性意识的觉醒,同时还意味着"国民意识"的觉醒,强调个体对民族、国家所应承担的道德义务。由今观之,对《潘先生在难中》中的潘先生这样的底层市民提出过高的"道德"要求是不道德的。当一个人无力"卫国"的时候,奋力"保家"不仅不应受到批判和谴责,反而应该赢得我们的同情与爱敬。遗憾的是,作者批判的锋芒一直是指向潘先生对妻儿的体贴和呵护。对妻儿的爱与呵护也许算不上什么高贵的情感,但却是一切高贵情感的基础。然而由于"卑谦的利己主义"的主题预设,把潘先生对妻儿的感情以及动荡年代"乱离人"的悲剧给漫画化和喜剧化了。五四新文学中,启蒙正是这样与传统士大夫"感时忧国"的固有传统相结合,从而逐步带上了知识独断论色彩,最终形成对个体苦难与个体命运的障蔽与盲视。

Enlightenment in China means not only the individual awareness, but also the awakening of ＂national consciousness＂ , emphasizing the individual moral obligation to the nation,and the State. It＇s immoral to for people living in lower class （just as Mr. Pan the character in the article of Mr. Pan in the Hardships） to meet such a high moral requirement. Unfortunately,most of the author＇s criticizes was for Mr. Pan＇s consideration and care to his wife and children. Love and care for his wife and children might not be the noble sentiment, but it is the basis of all the noble feelings. However,due to the writer＇s ＂humility,self-interest＂ default theme,in bringing the character Mr. Ban as a ＂clown＂ ,Mr. Pants feelings for their wives and children,as well as the tragedy of the people in the times of turbulence were of comic and comedy. In May 4th new literature,the Enlightenment was combined with the inherent tradition of scholar-officials ＇ concern about their state and people,and gradually it gained the knowledge arbitrary style, finally turned a blind eye to the individual suffering and destiny