音位意识与阅读发展之相关性:回顾与思考

Reflections on Phonemic Awareness and Reading Development

Schreuder & van Bon是最早从拼音文字音位意识任务中提取数据的研究者之一。他们探讨的问题人们断断续续地一直在讨论,但迄今为止仍然没有定论。讨论的焦点集中于两个问题:1)音位切分能力是取决于元语言意识的发展还是词汇量增加的一种自然特征?2)音位意识与首音-韵脚意识的关系及它们在阅读发展中的作用是什么?纵向和训练研究都表明:音位意识与阅读能力发展之间存在着双向的因果关系,即音位意识影响着阅读发展,而阅读能力反过来又增强了儿童读者的音位意识;表音及表意文字的大量训练研究大多证明语音意识与儿童早期阅读发展关系密切,其中音位意识是预测儿童未来阅读发展的最好指标。然而,尽管研究者们一致认为语音技能的发展是从音节、首音-韵脚到音位的过程,但韵脚意识先导训练和字形-音位对应规则训练是否强化了音位意识仍然是一个有争议的问题。

Schreuder 8,- van Bon were among the first to present data from phoneme awareness tasks carried out in an alphabetic language. The issues they discussed have been intermittently developed over the years but remain controversial. Researches focus on two issues. First, does phoneme segmentation ability depends on the development of metalinguistic awareness, or is it an emergent property of vocabulary growth？ Second, what is the relationship between phoneme and onset ＆ rime awareness and their role in reading development？ Longitudinal studies and prior training indicated that phoneme awareness and reading ability development interacted on each other, or rather, phoneme awareness had influence over reading development while reading ability in return enhanced young readers＇ phoneme awareness. In addition, most of prior training in both alphabetic and ideographic language revealed that phonological awareness was closely related to early reading skill and that phoneme awareness proved to be an excellent predictor of the latter. However, whether or not phoneme awareness is facilitated by training in rhyme awareness ＆ grapheme-phoneme correspondences remains an unexplored issue, despite a consensus among researchers that the development of phonological skills proceeds from awareness of syllables and onsets ＆ rimes to that of phonemes.