卢卡奇“总体性”范畴提出原因之评析

Analysis Reasons of the "Total" Issues That Lukacs Raised

匈牙利思想家兼革命家卢卡奇是西方马克思主义的创始人之一,他在《历史与阶级意识》中表达了自己对"什么是真正马克思主义"的理解,在其中,他提出了"总体辩证法"的思想,这一思想有着深刻的背景和原因。卢卡奇受黑格尔影响较大,在黑格尔的辩证法中表述了"真理是总体"的思想,辩证法是力图把握世界总体而提出的。马克思在《资本论》中表述了资本主义商品世界的生产过程,资本主义社会成了以物的依赖关系为主要内容的社会,卢卡奇从《资本论》中读出了马克思的"异化"思想。既然无产阶级处于自身被异化的处境,无产阶级的任务就是在实践上打破现存的物化结构,即把人与人之间的关系变为不依赖于物的关系。那么无产阶级就要确认自己在整个社会中的地位和作用,确立自己的总体目标,以达到阶级意识的觉醒。为此,卢卡奇认为无产阶级就要掌握具有"总体性"实质的辩证法精神,辩证法不仅是一种认识方法,更是一种实践方法,不是抽象的描述事物运动状态的"解释世界"。在此基础上,卢卡奇表达了自己对辩证法的理解,认为辩证法即是主客体之间的互动,自然界也应归入社会历史范畴,从而不应忽视人在改造世界过程中的主体地位和主动性。但是卢卡奇只是从"总体性"一个角度理解马克思的辩证法,并不是十分准确的,在实践中也容易造成变革现实的消极被动性,并且"总体性"并不能代表马克思原本意义上的"辩证法"。

The Hungarian thinker and revolutionary, Lukacs,is one of the founders of Western Marxism,in his History and Class Consciousness, heexpressed their own idea of the real Marxist, in which he proposed a ＂general dialectical＂ thinking, this idea has deep background and reasons. In Hegel＇s dialectic that ＂Truth is the whole＂ which is trying to grasp the world as a whole. ＂Das Kapital＂ put forward by Marx expressed the production process of capitalist commodity in the world, and found the capitalist society has become dependent on relationships with objects as the main content of society. Lukacs find Marx ＂alienation＂ idea from ＂Das Kapital＂ . Since the proletariat is alienated in their own situation,the proletariat＇s task is in practice to break the existing objectified structure, that is the relationship between people into a relationship that does not depend on the material. Then the proletariat is necessary to confirm their position in the whole society and role of the overall objective to establish their own in order to achieve the awakening of class consciousness. To this end, Lukacs said that the proletariat is necessary to grasp the＂totality＇real spirit of the dialectic that the dialectics is not only a method of cognition,but also a practical method,not an abstract description of the state of the movement of things ＂interpretation of the world＂. On this basis, Lukaes expressed his understanding of dialectics that the dialectic is the interaction between subject and object,and nature shouid also be included in the social and historical context, which should not be overlooked in the process of transforming the world＇s principal status and initiative. However,Lukaes look Marx＇s dialectics only from a point of the ＂whole＂ and his understanding is not very accurate, which in practice are likely to cause negative passive in our life,in fact,and ＂totality＂ are not the original sense of Marx＇s ＂dialectic＂.