鱼类遗传改良研究综述

Genetic improvement in fish:A review

本文对全世界范围内鱼类遗传改良研究的概况及其有关问题进行了全面的介绍和评述,从选择育种、杂交育种、性别控制、多倍体诱导、细胞核移植和细胞融合、低温保存技术、DNA分子标记育种、转基因技术等方面系统介绍了鱼类遗传改良的方法、在水产养殖中的应用和已取得的成就,并对鱼类遗传改良今后的发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为今后进一步开展鱼类遗传改良研究提供参考。

The article reviews information on genetic improvement of fishes. Techniques for fish genetic improvement including selection breeding, crossbreeding, polyploidy induction, sex control, nuclear transplantation and cell fusion, cryopreservation, DNA markers and transgencsis can be implemented synchronously to improve multiple traits with economic value. And some of these techniques have already been extensively applied in many species. Some species [i.e. common carp （Cyprinus carpio ）, Atlantic salmon （Salmo salar）, rainbow trout （Salmo gairdneri）, channel catfish （Lctalurus punctatus）, Nile tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus）, etc.] received concentrated breeding efforts, while other major cultured species received relatively limited attention so far, and a few species have not apparently been genetically improved at all. Most of the genetically improved fish strains entering the aquaculture industry were developed through traditional breeding approaches （selective breeding, crossbreeding and hybridization）. After the 1980＇ s, some new biological technologies （i.e. genome manipulation and sex control） for production of gynogenesis, androgenesis, polyploidy and monosex progenies started to affect aquaculture industry. Novel gene technologies including the use of DNA-based tools help to comprehend the nature of genetic variations underlying production traits, and are also under development for a range of fish species. Gene marker technologies can be used for identification and monitoring of lines, families and individuals, for monitoring and control of inbreeding, facilitation of markerassisted selection, diagnosis of simply inherited traits and genetic improvement through selection for favorable genes and gene combinations. Its application in fish genetic improvement is just the beginning, and has promising prospect. Transgenic technique can be used to improve fisheries production, increase disease resistance, and to develop transgenic fish as bioreactor for production of important peptides and protein. Although several species of transgenic fishes could be proposed to human consumers, none of them are presently in the market. The potential negative impact on human health, possible uncontrolled dissemination of the transgene and its transfer to wild fishes are major hurdles for the use of these fishes. Practical applications of transgenics in commercial aquaculture are full of exciting prospects.