先秦从“数词+动词”结构到“动词+数词”结构的演变

The Evolution from the "Number+Verb" Structure to the "Verb+Number" Structure in the Pre-Qin Period

先秦动量范畴的表达式"数词+动词"具有表达功能上的歧义:可表动量,亦可作为一种从陈述到指称转换的功能结构式。这种蕴涵两种功能的单一结构式在表达上违背了话语交际中的"足量原则",因此"数+动"结构要么单表动量,要么只是作为一种从陈述到指称转换的功能结构式。在历史演变过程中,"数+动"结构选择了转变语序——"动+数"结构表动量,在词汇层面,"数+动"结构保持了其造词功能(陈述性>指称性)。但是由于"数+动"结构在文言中表动量的优势语序不可能完全退出表动量功能的语序集合,在动量范畴演变过程中"数+动"依然存在,在句法层面单表动量范畴的语例增多,在动量词范畴成熟后,"数+动"结构的数词与动量词结合成为普遍用法。

The expression of ＂Number ＋ Verb＂ category of quantity of motion in the pre - Qin Period may resalt in ambiguity in function. It may indicate quantity of motion or functional structure from making a statement to a referential shift. This single structure, which entails two functions in expression, violates ＂the principle of adequacy＂ in communication Thus, in the process of historical evolution, the ＂Number ＋ Verb＂ structure gradually inverted its word order, resulting in the creation of the＂ Verb ＋ Number＂ structure to indicate the quantity of motion only. As far as the vocabulary is concerned, the ＂Number ＋ Verb＂ struc- ture still retains its function of word invention ; however, the original word order still exists, growing into a sort of universal gram- mar.