“补缺”中的“迁移”——论“补缺假说”中的语用失误

Transfer of Compensation:On Pragmatic Failures of Negative Transfer

补缺假说将语境与迁移置于交际的核心地位,研究语用因素对语言交际的动态影响。语境包括外部语境和内部语境,这二者的区别即是"补缺"发生的原因。语言迁移是学习者已经存在的母语知识对外语的习得和发展的影响,包括正迁移和负迁移。正迁移是指在外语的语境中不知不觉地受到母语的影响而借用母语的某些形式而这种借用正好符合外语的习惯,即借用的结果是正确的;而负迁移是指借用的母语形式不符合外语的习惯,或者不被使用该语言的本族人所接受。语言的负迁移是语用失误的重要因素。迁移效应造成的语用失误可以分为五类:言语行为的迁移、会话原则与会话蕴含的迁移、礼貌策略的迁移、价值观念的迁移以及语言文化的联想意义迁移。

Compensation Hypothesis establishes context and transfer as the core factors influencing language communication. To distinguish internal context and external context leads to the point of compensation. The assumption of language transfer explained positive transfer and negative transfer. The former, occurring in both the native language and target language, makes learning easier, while the latter using of a native language pattern or rule, leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language. Negative transfer is the main factor of pragmatic failure. Eventually, the paper poses five basic categorizations of pragmatic failures under the circumstances of negative transfer of contextual knowledge in detail.