科学社会学的张力——默顿与贝尔纳研究传统的比较

The Tension of Sociology of Science:Comparison between Bernal's and Merton's Research Methods on Tradition

在科学社会学理论中,贝尔纳和默顿分别创建了科学的社会研究中的默顿传统与贝尔纳传统。由于他们在科学知识观上的差异,尽管二者研究前提和研究主旨方面存在一些共同点,但也存在着一定的差别。贝尔纳的立论基础代表了科学家的立场,默顿则坚持的是社会学家的话语。从认识论角度来说,对科学与社会之间的关系,贝尔纳侧重宏观定性研究,默顿及其学派着力于科学内部的社会结构分析,属于微观分析图式。在研究方法上,默顿开辟了一种科学的社会学表述新方法,贝尔纳从科学与社会之间的互动关系出发,提出了一系列科学的社会研究问题。默顿与贝尔纳不同的研究风格,表明了科学社会学研究中存在着巨大的张力。

As to the theories in sociology of science,Bernal school and Merton school establish different research methods on tradition.Although Bernal and Merton have something common in research premise and research purpose,they do have differences.Bernal proposes his idea based on the standpoint of scientists,while Merton insists on the discourse of sociologists.From the perspective of epistemology,Bernal concentrates on macro-quantitative research in dealing with the relationship between science and sociology,while Merton centers on micro research into the analysis of internal social structure.Furthermore,in research method,Merton starts with new method of scientific sociology,while Bernal puts forward a series of issues of scientific research on sociology based on the interactive relationship between science and sociology.Therefore,the different research style between Merton and Bernal indicates that there is tension when research is made in sociology of science.