对墨子“兼爱”观念可行性的质疑

Doubts about the Practicality of the Idea of Mozi's Impartial Concern

墨子的兼爱观念是在春秋战国兵荒马乱、民不聊生的背景下提出来的,是对儒家的等差之爱——仁爱的批判,从动机层面看是高尚的。但兼爱观念却难以付诸实践,原因是:首先,它有悖于人性自利的自然事实,是道德高要求,不符合人之常情;其次,资源有限的事实要求确立分配的优先秩序,战争年代尤其如此,但兼爱却不能提供这种秩序;再次,即使物质充裕,实践兼爱原则也缺乏效率;最后,"兼爱"理想国的实现很大程度上依赖于贤明高尚的君主,缺乏制度的保证。

The idea of Mozi＇ s impartial concern appeared in the chaotic Chunqiu Warring States Period. Impartial concern,noble- minded with regard to motivation ,was the outcome of challenge to Confucian love with distinctions. But it＇ s difficult to put it into pracitce due to the following several reasons. First, it doesn＇ t conform to the self - interestedness of human nature ; second, the limitation of resources requires that one order of priority about distribution should be established especially in the warring period. Nevertheless, the idea of impartial concern can not provide such a kind of order ;third,it is inefficient to put impartial concern into practice even if there were plenty of resources ; and finally, the realization of the idea of impartial concern depended too heavily on noble monarchs. There weren＇ t constraining political institutions to ensure it in the mind of Mozi.