面向问题导向学习的3C3R问题设计模型述评

The Study of the 3C3R Problem Design Model and its Application for Problem-based Learning

问题导向学习是针对问题解决过程所进行的学习,对于问题导向学习而言,问题设计的有效性直接影响着问题导向学习的成功实施。研究已经表明,在所施行的问题导向学习中,设计的问题并非总是有效的。无效的问题不仅会影响到学生获得足够的领域知识,也会影响到学生问题解决能力或高阶思维能力的发展。美国北达科他州大学洪暐博士于2006年就面向问题导向学习提出了问题设计的3C3R模型。3C3R模型包括两类成分:核心成分和过程成分。核心成分是内容、情境和联系(content,context and connection),这3个核心成分主要用来支持领域知识的学习,如概念、规则和原理知识。过程成分是探究、推理和反思(researching,reasoning andreflecting),这3个过程成分则关注学习者的认知学习过程,用来支持学生应用所获得的领域知识来解决复杂问题,发展学生高级思维能力及学生自我导向能力。洪暐博士长期对问题导向学习、问题解决、问题类型与难度、系统思考与建模等主题进行研究,他提出的3C3R模型解决了教学设计者和教师在问题导向学习设计中的实际问题。本文将围绕问题导向学习的本质及其有效性来介绍了3C3R问题设计模型创建的基本观点、构成要件及其应用价值。

Problem-based learning （PBL） is a type of learning carried out for the process of problem solving. To PBL, the effectiveness of problem design affects the success of its implementation directly. Research has shown that PBL problems have not always been effective. Ineffective problem could not only affect whether students acquire sufficient domain knowledge, but also affect their abilities of problem solving or their development of higher-order thinking. In 2006, for designing problems in PBL, Dr. Woei Hung from University of North Dakota of America proposed the 3C3R problem design model. The 3C3R model comprises two classes of components： core components and processing components. Core components are content, context and connection, which mainly support domain knowledge learning, such as concepts, rules and principles. While processing components are researching, reasoning and reflecting, which concern students＇ cognitive processes, support them to apply the domain knowledge they acquired to solve complex problems, and develop their abilities of higher-order thinking and self-directed learning. Dr. Woei Hung＇s research focuses on problem-based learning, problem solving, types and difficulty levels of problems, systems thinking and modeling. The 3C3R model he suggested could deal with the practical problems when instructional designers and teachers are designing PBL. Based on the nature and effectiveness of PBL, this paper will introduce the basic idea, components and application value of the 3C3R model.