中国水土流失治理的成就及其效益分析

Achievements and benefits of soil and water loss governance in China

综合评析中华人民共和国成立以来中国水土流失治理取得的成就和效益及其区域差异,结果表明,我国水土流失治理的成就呈现3大特征:①治理面积递增,治理速度加快;②治理范围扩大;③治理成就存在区域差异:中国水土流失主要集中在中西部地区,但水土流失治理最快的是东部地区。治理效益方面,通过水土流失治理,每年减少土壤侵蚀15亿t,增加蓄水能力250多亿m3,增产粮食180亿kg。水土流失治理整体效益明显,但治理效益存在区域差异:南方水土保持措施的保水量大,占全国水土保持措施保水总量的40.9%,西北地区水土保持措施的保土量大,占全国水土保持措施保土总量的57.2%。水土流失治理的投资效益也存在区域差异:东北水土保持措施的投资效益比最高,依次为华北、西南、南方和西北地区。并由此提出水土流失治理的建议:政府重视和善治,善治的方略应涵盖政策制度、法律法规、组织机构、科学技术等方面的改革。

China's achievements and benefits of soil and water loss governance as well as the spatial variation were comprehensively assessed since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The results indicate that the achievements of the soil and water loss governance in China exhibit the following characteristics: 1) the rapid increase of governance area and acceleration of governance speed, 2) the enlargement of governance range, 3) the spatial variation, that is, the soil and water losses in China mainly occur in its middle and western regions, however, the fastest governance speed of the soil and water losses is in its eastern regions. With regard to the benefits of the soil and water governance in China, the annual decrease of soil loss is 1.5 billion t, the increase of impoundment capacity is over 25 billion m3, and the increase of foodstuff is 18 billion kg. The benefits are obvious, but there exists spatial variation: the soil conservation amount in the southern regions of China is large and 40.9% of China’s total soil conservation amount, however, the water conservation amount in the northwestern regions of China is large and 57.2% of China’s total water conservation amount. The benefits of investment for the soil and water loss governance show spatial variation, i.e., the northeastern, northern, southwestern, southern and northwestern regions of China have a decreasing tendency of benefits of investment. Accordingly, some suggestions were proposed for the soil and water governance in China: the government should highlight and handle the existing problems, and the strategies should include the reforms of policies, systems, laws and regulations, organization and science and technology.